New Brunswick (NB)

There are fifteen First Nation communities in New Brunswick (NB). The Official Languages Act (2002) recognizes English and French as official languages. The Education Act (1997, updated 2021) states that the language of instruction in schools should be the official language of the school district. An amendment to the Act adds a new purpose of the Act: to recognize “the importance of the cultures and languages of the Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqey peoples” (Section 1.1). Section 7 of the Education Act states that the Minister can enter into an agreement with a council of a Mi’kmaq or Wolastoqey First Nation to provide educational services that respond to the unique needs of Mi’kmaq and Wolastoqey students. The Act further states a goal of fostering “a better understanding of Indigenous history, culture and languages among all pupils.” While proposed amendments to the Education Act amendments also sought inclusion of Peskotomuhkati (Passamaquoddy), this First Nation is still working to gain formal recognition by the province.

In June 2017, the New Brunswick government signed a Memorandum of understanding respecting First Nations education with seven First Nation communities. This MOU responds to TRC Calls to Action, respecting that First Nations have a right to language and culture. The MOU states that all parties will collaborate to integrate First Nations perspectives in schooling. The MOU includes the Three Nations Education Group (representing Tobique, Elsipogtog and Esgenoôpetitj First Nations), as well as the Madawaska First Nation, Kingsclear First Nation, Oromocto First Nation, and St. Mary’s First Nation.  

Notably, First Nations in New Brunswick are making great strides in their language revitalization work. In 2022, Neqotkuk First Nation announced that Wolastoqey will be the official language of the community; the Kehkimin Wolastoqey language immersion school opened; and a Mi’kmaw language immersion program began at the new Elsipogtog First Nation Community School.

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